All Hail King Ubu! A Personal Diary from the Corner of the Room

“When the morbid appetite for power gets too hard to swallow”

With Director Patrick O’Reilly, Tinderbox Theatre Company are currently in production with their newest play “Ubu The King”, to be performed from 12th-23rd February 2019.

Inspired by Alfred Jarry’s Ubu Roi which caused a riot in Paris in 1906, Tinderbox dare to bring the primal monster to life through a succulent feast of sheer Inventiveness and fearless theatricality.

Theatre of the absurd; “A  form of drama that emphasises the absurdity of human existence by employing disjointed, repetitious, and meaningless dialogue, purposeless and confusing situations, and plots that lack realistic or logical development.”

What a play to begin work in! This will be my first professional play that I have worked on with Tinderbox Theatre. and I’ve definitely got a few nerves. How does Patrick work a rehearsal? What can I learn from this production? How does Katie (Tinderbox Composer) fabricate a whole show from just the rehearsal process?

To give myself perspective on how Tinderbox works in the Theatre, I bought myself a ticket for “The Man Who Fell To Pieces” for its final performance, 27th October 2018. This decision was made purposefully, as I’ve noticed that in previous experiences of watching a production more than once, the direction or music/lighting changes here and there, so by watching the final performance, there is a greater chance of experiencing the highest quality show!

Patrick J. O’Reilly’s physical play “The Man Who Fell to Pieces” is an absurd exploration of mental health, and was brilliantly done so. When watching the show, I paid particular attention to how the music was used intelligently, as I took note that the same composer (Katie Richardson) would be working on “Ubu the King”. It was amazing to me to see how thoughtfully music was placed in this, as there was parts that had clearly come from the radio onstage, which was a revelation to me. Something so simple can be so effective!

Then came the rehearsals!

Monday 14th January- MET THE TEAM!

Creator Patrick J O’Reilly and Ensemble
Producer Jen Shepherd
Music Katie Richardson
Design Ciaran Bagnall
Cast Claire Connor
Jo Donnelly
Tony Flynn
Julie Lewis
Rhodri Lewis

It was decided the team would rehearse and work together 9.30-5pm Monday-Friday, and I will be present Monday 2-5pm and Friday 9.30-5pm.
“Meet and Greet/Design Brief” and looked at “Square/Improv”

Monday 21st January- observed rehearsal, Looked at “Act 3 and 4- Hunger/Destruction/Invasion and War [song]”

Friday 25th January- First met Katie, the Composer for “Ubu the King”. During this conversation, she explained to me the outline of how she would be working on this show musically.  Looked at “Reality- Transition moments in reality/Dramaturgy”

This rehearsal was specifically designed for Katie, as Patrick conducted a very rough run through of the structure of the play, and had frequent stops so he could give her notes. Examples of said notes included different ideas such as; “Katie I want elevator music to come from the radio downstage right”, “Katie, we are in Ubu’s world at this point so we are going to need surround sound here to show that, and make it very light-hearted and silly for this point”, “Katie, the actors are counting in 4 and at a certain point I need a big explosion, then sudden silence”. I had learnt in these rehearsals that these ideas are very flexible and open for discussion, as there was times Katie would respond saying whether or not it was plausible to do, and also suggest a lot of ideas during this.

I then sat down to have a chat with Katie about her thought process in and out of the rehearsal room for this particular play. She had noted to me that this would be one of the biggest challenges she would be overtaking for a play, as there is such gravitas and meaning (or absurdity) from beginning to end that the music and sound need to match it! Katie had explained to me that because this is such a big task, she will be working from day-to-night until most likely the final performance! (Confirming my suspicion that the final performance is one of the best possible nights)

She had come to the rehearsal with about 10-15 different musical ideas and concepts, and had put thought into what may be able to work in the context. She had explained that it is very hard to create music for the play that you don’t understand the full context of, and so she rectified this problem by attending rehearsals so she can see what the emotions Patrick is trying to pull from the audience and she can see how she can help it. I learnt that while she had many ideas to bring to the rehearsal, you don’t necessarily apply every music idea to the play, it could happen that you only use 3 or 4 ideas in the final product.

MUSICAL THEMES

Ubu’s World -This is an imaginary world made up by the kitchen porter. To convey this to the audience, there will be loud overwhelming music playing from surround sound. Katie has said the music will be a lot of melodies (potentially clashing together) from blowing in empty bottles and such. This is to highlight we are not in reality

Reality- We are in the Patisserie. The music will be almost non-existent, if not small background music. There will perhaps be a radio playing pop songs that Katie will compose, and the lyrics will be of meaning towards plot of play (politics)

Monday 28th Katie worked in the studio, I observed the rehearsal, which looked at “Soundscapes, choreography”

Monday 4th February- Katie showed me how she is planning to work the ‘War’ scene.  Looked at “War scene motions”

Katie is keeping track of the tempo they are doing and noting when there’s a dramatic motion, for eg. when the cast team up together to fight Ubu then immediate silence as they try to tame him (while feeling terrified. This is one of the final acts of the play so emotions are heightened). Then in the studio she will add music and such to it (music being melodies from blowing into empty glass bottles). That was a large learning curve for me, as I now understand that Katie writes around the actors and director and provides necessary sound and music to help build the tension in the theatre. I had initially thought Katie would come to the tech night with full songs and pieces but now I have learned this is definitely not the case!

We are now in final rehearsals, with 8 days to go before Opening Night! Tickets are available on https://themaclive.com/event/ubu-the-king

Leave your finery at home, and meet us at 7:45pm each evening to dress yourself in our protective clothing, to prepare to experience the culinary delights!

 

Beth McNally

 

Analog vs. Digital Desks

Analog Desks: Control 24/C24/DSL/ABI/ FocusRite/ SSL/ Nove/ Mitus/ Ghost

Before multi-track recording became popular, an artist/ and would be recorded and mixed during a live performance. This created a lot of issues, as they would have to stop and re-record the entire track if one mistake was made. Nowadays, we have three stages of recording a song: recording, overdubbing, and downmix.

One of the first multi-track tape machines were 4 and 8-track recorders that were introduced during the 60s.

In the 60’s, the Beatles were one of the first recording artists to use a 4-track multitrack recorder through an analog desk, to record “Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Heart Club Band”. This had meant that the tracks were able to be panned individually during the stereo mix, even if it had been recorded separately. At this time, they were also able to treat sounds and correct mistakes at a later date, rather than having to re-record the entire song.

the-beatles-in-studio-recording-sgt-pepper-at-abbey-road-67-1024x737

(The Beatles – Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band album review. (2014). [Blog] Neonmoderntimes. Available at: https://neonmoderntimes.wordpress.com/2014/07/26/the-beatles-sgt-peppers-lonely-heart-club-band-album-review/ [Accessed 6 Jun. 2017].)

Pros of Analog Desks

  • Are able to ‘set up and go’
  • Onboard EQ and level adjustment
  • Multiple outputs in master section for flexible studio/live routing
  • Usually cheaper than digital

Cons of Analog Desks

  • Lack of audio interfacing
  • Consoles tend not to feature integrated effects

(MIXING, D. (2017). DIGITAL vs ANALOGUE MIXING / Absolute Music Community | Absolute Music. [online] Absolute Music. Available at: https://www.absolutemusic.co.uk/community/entries/206-digital-vs-analogue-mixing [Accessed 6 Jun. 2017].)

analog.jpg

During the 1980s, the DAW’s (Digital Audio Workstation) began to be used, and started to replace tape in many studios

Digital Desks: SSL/Focusrite/ Makie/ Avid (C24/ Yamaha

As technology have become more advanced, we have now moved from analog to digital desks, as we now have updated software, such as Cubase, ProTools, Logic Pro,  Ableton etc.

An advantage of digital desks would be that you are able to record and recall tracks. For example, if at a gig, it would no longer be necessary to set up a show every night, as you could put compressor and EQ settings from protocol sessions (or wave plugins) on digital desks on a typical drum mix, instead of spending money on outboard gear. This is another advantage, that you can save a lot of money when using, as you are able to use DAWs with them, whereas it is necessary to have analog outboard gear and compressors on an analog desk.

digital 2

(Soundonsound.com. (2017). Q. Should I buy my own digital mixer for a band tour? |. [online] Available at: http://www.soundonsound.com/sound-advice/q-should-i-buy-my-own-digital-mixer-band-tour [Accessed 6 Jun. 2017].)

We can now also have different inputs in digital desks (6/8/16 channel) which can have XLR and TRS inputs (quarter-inch jack). Although they are typically digital, there are hybrid versions of both analog and digital desks. A common factor in these is the bus groups.

Bus groups: when using reverb or compression etc. into Protools/Logic Pro, you can send channels into one bus group, and use that channel to mix and move it together in one fader. This is useful as you can give many instruments the same treatment without having to waste time to create the same effect in all. This is also good as the computer processing power is reduced, and helps the software work well. As well as bus groups, you are able to have mon section, which is one individual track. This is useful as you can therefore add more effects and treatment to one specific track, for example, if you wanted to add more reverb or pitch correction onto the vocal track.

Monitors and Auxiliary groups are groups that you can send to front of house or onstage during a performance. Auxiliary groups also have reverb or delays which go on or offstage and front of house.

The TascamDM4800, like all dedicated digital studio mixers, offers full mix automation, meaning that the desk is sync’d to the timecode output of your recording system and records any adjustments made to the faders, mutes, pans, auxes, EQs, dynamics and FX settings in real-time. This can then be played back repeatedly and the settings tweaked to improve the mix. Should you wish to connect a computer to use it as a recording system, a DM desk-compatible card carries 24 channels of audio to and from the computer over a single FireWire cable, negating the need for an external audio interface.

(MIXING, D. (2017). DIGITAL vs ANALOGUE MIXING / Absolute Music Community | Absolute Music. [online] Absolute Music. Available at: https://www.absolutemusic.co.uk/community/entries/206-digital-vs-analogue-mixing [Accessed 6 Jun. 2017].)

PROS of Digital Desks

  • Huge feature set
  • High quality, digitally processed audio
  • Recall and automation
  • Some digital consoles feature DAW control
  • Integrated digital DSP effects
  • Pristine signal quality

Cons of Digital Desks

  • Higher prices
  • Occasionally less immediate to set up and use

(MIXING, D. (2017). DIGITAL vs ANALOGUE MIXING / Absolute Music Community | Absolute Music. [online] Absolute Music. Available at: https://www.absolutemusic.co.uk/community/entries/206-digital-vs-analogue-mixing [Accessed 6 Jun. 2017].)

 

Recording Music

Recording Music has been evolving from as early as 1877 to now. To analyse properly, it would be easier to split into 4 categories, Acoustic (1877-1925), Electrical (1925-1945), Magnetic (1945- 1975) and Digital (1975- Present)

Acoustic

1877– Phonograph

Thomas Edison was the first person to be able to record a voice singing “Mary had a little lamb”, using a tinfoil cylinder phonograph he had invented. Edison was the first successful sound recorder, as many others had attempted to capture audio before Edison and inevitably failed.

EdisonPhonograph (En.wikipedia.org, 2017)

1889– Gramaphone

Emil Berliner created the gramophone in 1889. Berliner was the first inventor to stop recording on cylinders and start recording on flat disks or records.

Electrical

1925- Electrical Cut Record

“Electrical recording was first used in 1925. After about 1925, 78s were recorded by the artist singing or speaking into a microphone and amplifier which then cut the master record. This allowed a wider range of sound to be recorded. Records recorded by this process are called “electrical” recordings. Collectors can identify these discs by either by listening or by means of small marks in the record surface close to the label. The first electrical recording was issued in 1925.” (Yale University Library, 2017)

These disks were soon standardised to be known as 78 rpm disks (78 revolutions per minute)

1935- Reel to Reel Tape

This began the start of the Magnetic Era, as it was named the magnetophon in shops.  BASF company released the reel to reel tape, saying: “Many great advantages has the plastic tape: it is lighter than the steel wire and not dangerous (steel wire is very loud and cutting as a razor blade), stronger than the cellulose tape (that broke very often) and above all it can be cancelled and recorded many and many times.” (Marchesini, 2017)

FerrographLogic7Mod7622H

(Museumofmagneticsoundrecording.org, 2017)

Magnetic

1948- Vinyl LP

Columbia Records produced the first 12 inch 33-1/3 rpm vinyl record (LP) in 1948. From 1950s-60s, homes would commonly have a record player which played these vinyl’s. RCA Victor introduced 7-inch 45 rpm EP (Extended Play) vinyl record and player in 1949.

1962- Cassette Tape

Used for audio recording and playback, Compact Cassette tapes were introduced by Philips in 1962. Compact cassettes can come as either pre-recorded or blank. “its uses ranged from portable audio to home recording to data storage for early microcomputers. Between the early 1970s and the early 2000s, the cassette was one of the two most common formats for pre-recorded music, first alongside the LP record and later the compact disc (CD).” (En.wikipedia.org, 2017)

Tdkc60cassette (En.wikipedia.org, 2017)

Digital

1982- Compact Discs (CDs)

The name ‘Compact Disc’ was chosen because it was in line with another Philips offering, the Compact Cassette. Simultaneously (and independently) Sony had also been working on CDs, first demo-ing the product in 1976 and the two parties eventually partnered for its commercial launch in 1982.  (Team, 2015)

The first commercial hard disk (HDD) recording system was the Sample-to-Disk 16-bit, 50kHz digital recording option for the New England Digital Synclavier II in 1982. The high cost and limited capacity of these solutions limited their use to large professional audio recording studios, and even then, they were usually reserved for specific applications such as film post-production.  Though there are several other types of digital recorder still in use, hard disk systems are rapidly becoming the preferred method for studio recording. One major advantage of recording audio to a hard disk is that it allows for non-linear editing. Audio data can be accessed randomly and therefore can be edited non-destructively, that is, the original material is not changed in any way. (En.wikipedia.org, 2017)

In a hard disk, the magnetic recording material is layered onto an aluminium or glass disk. The hard-disk is then polished and ready for use. “In a hard disk, the read/write head “flies” over the disk, never actually touching it. A hard-disk platter can spin underneath its head at speeds up to 3,000 inches per second (about 170 mph or 272 kph)!” (Brain, 2017)

25cdoldnew400b

(Bruile, 2007)

2000- USB flash drives

USB flash drives were released in 2000 by IBM, with a storage capacity of 8MB.

USB flash drives are often used for the same purposes for which floppy disks or CDs were once used; i.e. for storage, data back-up and transfer of computer files. They are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are more durable and reliable because they have no moving parts. Additionally, they are immune to electromagnetic interference (unlike floppy disks), and are unharmed by surface scratches (unlike CDs) (En.wikipedia.org, 2017)

Many artists have sold or given away USB flash drives with music on them. The first instance was supposedly in 2004 when the German band WIZO released the “Stick EP” featuring five high-bitrate (the number of bits per second that can be transmitted along a digital network) MP3s, a video, pictures, lyrics, and guitar tablature. (Team, 2015)

 

 

Bibliography

Yale University Library. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/historyof78rpms.htm [Accessed 12 May 2017].

Marchesini, C. (2017). SOUNDFAN – Reel to reel recorders and tapes – History. [online] Soundfan.it. Available at: http://www.soundfan.it/en/history.html [Accessed 12 May 2017].

En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Compact Cassette. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette [Accessed 12 May 2017].

Team, V. (2015). The evolution of physical music formats – an interactive timeline. [Blog] The Vinyl Factory. Available at: https://thevinylfactory.com/features/the-evolution-of-physical-music-formats-an-interactive-timeline/ [Accessed 12 May 2017].

En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Hard disk recorder. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder [Accessed 12 May 2017].

Brain, M. (2017). How Hard Disks Work. [Blog] How Stuff Works. Available at: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk2.htm [Accessed 12 May 2017].

En.wikipedia.org. (2017). USB flash drive. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive [Accessed 12 May 2017].

Team, V. (2015). The evolution of physical music formats – an interactive timeline. [Blog] The Vinyl Factory. Available at: https://thevinylfactory.com/features/the-evolution-of-physical-music-formats-an-interactive-timeline/ [Accessed 12 May 2017].

En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Phonograph. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph [Accessed 12 May 2017].

Museumofmagneticsoundrecording.org. (2017). Reel to Reel Tape Recorder Manufacturers – Ferrograph reel tape recorders- Museum of Magnetic Sound Recording. [online] Available at: http://museumofmagneticsoundrecording.org/ManufacturersFerrograph.html [Accessed 12 May 2017].

Bruile, R. (2007). CD History – Digital Audio Compact Disc. [Blog] Sound Fountain. Available at: http://www.soundfountain.com/amb/cd25years.html [Accessed 12 May 2017].

Distortion: Problems and Solutions

                Definition: When a mic can’t replicate accurately what is being performed and results in clipping or other negative sounds.

There are two types of distortion; Analog and Digital.

Analog

Analog= Analog is the audio signal shown in smooth wavy lines, as shown in the diagram below

 

analog 3

(Baekgaard, 2017)

The distortion in this Analog diagram is shown on the right. The headroom (dynamic range space) in Analog will exceed after +12dB, and clipping will begin as shown in the diagram, which removes some sound from the audio.

A good example of Analog distortion would be your own ears and voice, as when you hear something, it is smooth in signal and there are no breaks.

Digital

Digital= Digital is the audio signal shown in individual points, as shown in the diagram below

digital

(Gans, 2017)

Unlike the smooth waves in Analog clipping, nothing about digital clipping is gentle or smooth. The digital distortion would be shown when one of the digits is unusually taller or shorter than the rest, giving the overall wave a sharp line.

You can find distortion in many ways during a recording session or a performance, such as desks, mics, amps and speakers.

Here are some examples of how distortion would happen when recording audio, and some solutions:

When using a microphone, distortion will be caused when the gain level is set too high. It is important that during recording we optimize the gain structure to set it to the right level. A good signal that will not cause distortion would be roughly halfway up the gain level.

When the performer is standing too close to the microphone, the low-end is louder than what it should be.  A good distance to stand from the microphone is about 6-12 inches, anything closer will cause distorted signals.

Some negative sounds of distortion would also be when a vocalist sings plosives or “p”/ “b” sounds and too harsh in the studio. To avoid this, it is best to use a pop shield when recording.

When the SPL (sound pressure level) is too low, it will create distortion. To prevent this, it is best to change the mic to another one with a different SPL. For example, a VX10 Condenser Microphone can handle a sound pressure level up to 138 dB

References;

Gans, D. (2017). Digital vs Analog Audio: An overview. [Blog] The Klipsch Joint. Available at: http://www.klipsch.com/blog/digital-vs-analog-audio [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017].

Baekgaard, L. (2017). Designing Hearing Aid Technology to Support Benefits in Demanding Situations, Part 1. [Blog] The Hearing Review. Available at: http://www.hearingreview.com/2013/03/designing-hearing-aid-technology-to-support-benefits-in-demanding-situations-part-1/ [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017].

Denault, A. (2014). Analog Music in a Digital World. [Blog] Techno Dabbler. Available at: http://www.technodabbler.com/analog-music-in-a-digital-world/ [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017].